COLBERT, Jéan Baptiste (1619–83). A

COLBERT, Jéan Baptiste (1619–83). A French statesman, Minister of Finance under Louis XIV. He was born at Rheims, Aug. 29, 1619, and served his apprenticeship in a woolen draper's shop. He afterward went to Paris and soon obtained a position in the War Office, where his tireless activity brought him into notice. He became secretary to Le Tellier, then at the head of the War Office, and through his influence was made a counselor of the King and introduced to Mazarin, who soon employed him in important affairs of state. On his deathbed Mazarin recommended Colbert to the King, who in 1665 appointed him Comptroller General of the Finances. Colbert found the finances in a ruinous condition and immediately entered upon an elaborate programme of reform. Fouquet, the Superintendent of Buildings under Mazarin, was found guilty of maladministration and was imprisoned for life. The new Comptroller instituted a council of finance and a chamber of justice, to call to account the farmers of the state revenues, who were forced to yield up all the wealth of the crown of which they had fraudulently possessed themselves. In 20 years the revenue rose to 116,000,000 livres, of which but 23,000,000 were spent in collection and administration, whereas before Colbert took the finances in hand the revenue had amounted to only 84,000,000 livres, of which 52,000,000 were absorbed in collection. Colbert did not rest satisfied with being a financial reformer, but in various ways developed the industrial activity of the nation by state support. He was created Minister of Marine in 1669, and shortly afterward he acquired control of commerce, the colonies, and the royal expenditure. French trade was extended, and roads and canals, including the great canal of Languedoc, were built. Certain features of his economic policy, such as a too stringent regulation of commerce, high protective duties, and the maintenance of the corporation system, have been frequently criticized, but they were rather the faults of the age than of the man. He organized anew the colonies in Canada, Martinique, and Haiti, and founded those of Cayenne and Madagascar. To encourage trade in the Levant he granted special privileges to traders in imitation of the East India Company scheme, but, owing to his high protective tariffs and rigid regulations, failure followed his efforts.

Perhaps the most successful of all Colbert's reforms was the creation of a French navy. He found France in 1669 with a few old hulks and provided her in three years with a fleet of 60 ships of the line and 40 frigates. The mercantile marine was also developed, and bounties were given on ships built in France. Colbert revised the Civil Code, introduced a code of marine law, as well as the so-called Code Noir for the colonies. Statistical tables of the population were first made out by his orders. Men of learning and genius found in him a generous patron. The academies of inscriptions, science, and architecture were founded by him. In short, he appears as the promoter of industry, commerce, art, science, and literature—the founder of a new epoch in France. Notwithstanding his remarkable ingenuity, the unbounded extravagance of his master forced him to raise money in ways objectionable to his reason, and to maintain war taxes in time of peace. The last years of his life were a constant struggle to find money for Louis's ruinous wars, and he died Sept. 6, 1683, bitterly disappointed because his great services were but ill appreciated by the King, whose confidence in Colbert had been undermined by the favorite Louvois. The people of Paris, enraged at the oppressive taxes, would have torn his dead body to pieces but for the intervention of the military and his burial by night. He left large estates in France, and some of his offices descended to his sons, one of whom became Minister of Marine and another Superintendent of Buildings. A third was made Archbishop of Rouen. It is not the least of Colbert's merits that he saw the wisdom of Richelieu's tolerant course towards the Huguenots and restrained the King from that fatal policy of persecution which began with the revocation of the Edict of Nantes (q.v.) soon after the great Minister's death. Nevertheless, he ruled with an iron hand, and even to his friends he was known as the "man of marble." The coldness of his nature is well caught in the epithet of Madame de Sévigné, who styles him "The North." Among Colbert's posthumous papers were found Mémoires sur les affaires de France (c.1663), and a fragment, Particularités secrètes de la vie du Roy, which have been published several times.

The New International Encyclopaedia, Vol. VI (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1920) 566.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

COLBERT, Jean-Baptiste (1619-83). Seorang negarawan Perancis, Menteri Keuangan di bawah Louis XIV. Ia dilahirkan di Rheims, Aug. 29, 1619, dan disajikan magang di toko gorden wol. Dia kemudian pergi ke Paris dan segera memperoleh posisi di kantor perang, mana aktivitas tak kenal lelah membawanya ke pemberitahuan. Ia adalah Sekretaris untuk Le Tellier, kemudian kepala perang kantor, dan melalui pengaruhnya adalah membuat seorang konselor pendiri raja dan diperkenalkan ke Mazarin di Paris, yang segera mempekerjakannya dalam urusan-urusan penting negara. Pada waktu kematiannya Mazarin direkomendasikan Colbert kepada raja, yang pada tahun 1665 mengangkatnya Comptroller Jenderal keuangan. Colbert ditemukan keuangan dalam kondisi yang menghancurkan dan segera masuk program yang rumit reformasi. Fouquet, Inspektur bangunan di bawah Mazarin, dinyatakan bersalah Kelola dan dipenjarakan untuk kehidupan. The Comptroller baru telah menetapkan sebuah Dewan keuangan dan chamber keadilan, untuk panggilan ke rekening petani pendapatan negara, yang dipaksa untuk menghasilkan sampai semua kekayaan mahkota yang mereka curang pernah kesurupan sendiri. Dalam 20 tahun pendapatan meningkat menjadi 116,000,000 buku, tujuan yang 23,000,000 dihabiskan dalam koleksi dan administrasi, sedangkan sebelum Colbert keuangan di tangan pendapatan berjumlah buku hanya 84,000,000, yang 52,000,000 yang diserap dalam koleksi. Colbert tidak beristirahat puas dengan menjadi seorang reformis keuangan, tetapi dalam berbagai cara mengembangkan kegiatan industri bangsa oleh dukungan negara. Ia diciptakan Menteri Kelautan pada tahun 1669, dan tak lama kemudian ia memperoleh pengendalian perdagangan, koloni-koloni, dan pengeluaran royal. Perancis perdagangan diperpanjang, dan jalan-jalan dan kanal, termasuk kanal besar Languedoc, dibangun. Beberapa fitur dari kebijakan ekonomi, seperti terlalu ketat peraturan perdagangan, tugas perlindungan, dan pemeliharaan sistem corporation, telah sering dikritik, tapi mereka bukan kesalahan usia daripada manusia. Ia diselenggarakan lagi koloni-koloni di Kanada, Martinique, dan Haiti, dan mendirikan Cayenne dan Madagaskar. Untuk mendorong perdagangan di Levant ia diberikan hak khusus untuk pedagang meniru skema East India Company, tetapi, karena nya tinggi pelindung tarif dan peraturan-peraturan yang kaku, kegagalan diikuti usahanya.Perhaps the most successful of all Colbert's reforms was the creation of a French navy. He found France in 1669 with a few old hulks and provided her in three years with a fleet of 60 ships of the line and 40 frigates. The mercantile marine was also developed, and bounties were given on ships built in France. Colbert revised the Civil Code, introduced a code of marine law, as well as the so-called Code Noir for the colonies. Statistical tables of the population were first made out by his orders. Men of learning and genius found in him a generous patron. The academies of inscriptions, science, and architecture were founded by him. In short, he appears as the promoter of industry, commerce, art, science, and literature—the founder of a new epoch in France. Notwithstanding his remarkable ingenuity, the unbounded extravagance of his master forced him to raise money in ways objectionable to his reason, and to maintain war taxes in time of peace. The last years of his life were a constant struggle to find money for Louis's ruinous wars, and he died Sept. 6, 1683, bitterly disappointed because his great services were but ill appreciated by the King, whose confidence in Colbert had been undermined by the favorite Louvois. The people of Paris, enraged at the oppressive taxes, would have torn his dead body to pieces but for the intervention of the military and his burial by night. He left large estates in France, and some of his offices descended to his sons, one of whom became Minister of Marine and another Superintendent of Buildings. A third was made Archbishop of Rouen. It is not the least of Colbert's merits that he saw the wisdom of Richelieu's tolerant course towards the Huguenots and restrained the King from that fatal policy of persecution which began with the revocation of the Edict of Nantes (q.v.) soon after the great Minister's death. Nevertheless, he ruled with an iron hand, and even to his friends he was known as the "man of marble." The coldness of his nature is well caught in the epithet of Madame de Sévigné, who styles him "The North." Among Colbert's posthumous papers were found Mémoires sur les affaires de France (c.1663), and a fragment, Particularités secrètes de la vie du Roy, which have been published several times.The New International Encyclopaedia, Vol. VI (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1920) 566.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:

COLBERT, Jean Baptiste (1619-1683). Seorang negarawan Perancis, Menteri Keuangan di bawah Louis XIV. Dia Lahir di Rheims, Agustus 29, 1619, dan menjabat magang Nya di toko wol pedagang kain itu. Ia Pergi ke Paris dan sesudahnya segera Meraih posisi di Kantor Perang, mana aktivitas yang tak kenal lelah _him_ Dibawa ke pemberitahuan. Dia est devenu sekretaris Le Tellier, Kemudian di kepala Kantor Perang, dan melalui pengaruh-Nya Apakah Made konselor Raja dan Diperkenalkan untuk Mazarin, yang _him_ segera dipekerjakan dalam urusan utama negara. Di ranjang Nya Mazarin Colbert direkomendasikan kepada Raja, yang pada tahun 1665 _him_ ditunjuk Pengawas Keuangan Jenderal Keuangan. Colbert ditemukan keuangan dalam kondisi menghancurkan dan waktu segera setelah Pemasukan tahun program Rumit reformasi. Fouquet, Inspektur Bangunan bawah Mazarin, Apakah ditemukan bersalah maladministrasi dan Apakah dipenjara seumur hidup. Comptroller baru melembagakan dewan keuangan dan ruang keadilan, untuk panggilan ke rekening petani dari pendapatan negara, yang dipaksa untuk menghasilkan semua kekayaan mahkota qui Mereka SUDAH curang dimiliki Sendiri. Dalam 20 tahun pendapatan naik menjadi 116 juta pound, 23 juta dari laba qui Apakah dihabiskan di koleksi dan administrasi, padahal sebelumnya Colbert Mengambil keuangan di tangan belakang HAD hanya sebesar 84 juta buku, 52 juta dari qui Apakah Diserap dalam koleksi. Colbert Tentang tidak beristirahat puas dengan menjadi putih memiliki reformasi keuangan, bertujuan dalam berbagai cara Dikembangkan kegiatan industri bangsa oleh media pemerintah. Dia Diciptakan Menteri Kelautan pada tahun 1669 dan tak lama kemudian ia Acquired kontrol perdagangan, koloni, dan pengeluaran kerajaan. Perdagangan Perancis Apakah diperpanjang, dan jalan dan kanal, Termasuk kanal besar dari Languedoc, Apakah dibangun. Fitur tertentu de kebijakan ekonomi anak, Seperti memiliki peraturan ketat juga perdagangan, tugas pelindung tinggi, dan layanan sistem perusahaan, sering-telah-telah Dikritik, Mereka Apakah Sebaliknya tujuan dari kesalahan dari usia dari manusia. Dia Diselenggarakan lagi koloni di Kanada, Martinique, dan Haiti, dan mendirikan Bagi Cayenne dan Madagaskar. Untuk mendorong perdagangan di Levant ia Memang hak-hak istimewa untuk pedagang meniru skema East India Company, bertujuan, karena tarif protektif Nya tinggi dan règlements kaku, kegagalan Diikuti Usahanya. Mungkin Paling sukses Reformasi semua Colbert Apakah pembentukan angkatan laut Perancis. Dia menemukan Perancis pada 1669 dengan A hulks tua sedikit dan disediakan dalam tiga tahun dia dengan armada 60 kapal dari garis dan 40 frigat. The pedagang laut Apakah Dikembangkan aussi, dan karunia Apakah Mengingat kapal dibangun di Perancis. Colbert direvisi KUHPerdata Diperkenalkan kode hukum angkatan laut, serta disebut kadaluarsa Kode Hitam untuk koloni. Tabel statistik penduduk Apakah pertama yang dibuat oleh perintah-Nya. Pria belajar dan jenius ditemukan di _him_ bos yang murah hati. Akademi prasasti, ilmu pengetahuan, dan arsitektur Apakah didirikan oleh _him_. Singkatnya, ia Muncul sebagai promotor industri, perdagangan, seni, ilmu pengetahuan, dan sastra-pendiri zaman baru di Perancis. Meskipun kecerdikan yang luar biasa-Nya, yang tak terbatas pemborosan de anak _him_ guru terpaksa menaikkan uang dengan cara pantas untuk alasan-Nya, dan untuk Menjaga pajak perang di masa damai. Tahun-tahun terakhir de anak Hidup Were A perjuangan terus-menerus untuk menemukan uang untuk perang menghancurkan Louis, dan ia meninggal 6 September 1683, kecewa Karena jasa-Nya yang besar Apakah tujuan sakit dihargai oleh Raja, siapa kepercayaan Colbert SUDAH beens menggerogoti oleh favorit Louvois. Orang-orang dari Paris, marah pada pajak menindas, akan Memiliki Mayatnya diterkam untuk tujuan aksi militer dan penguburannya malam. Dia meninggalkan perkebunan yang luas di Perancis, dan beberapa kantor Diturunkan de anak terhadap suara-Nya, salah Siapa est devenu Menteri Kelautan dan Ulasan Superintendent lain Bangunan. Ketiga A Apakah Made Uskup Agung Rouen. Hal ini paling tidak Kemuliaan Colbert itu ia melihat kebijaksanaan Ulasan ras toleran Richelieu terhadap Huguenot dan menahan Raja dari itu kebijakan yang fatal penganiayaan qui Mulai dengan pencabutan Edik Nantes (qv) segera setelah kematian Menteri besar. Namun demikian, ia Diperintah dengan tangan besi, dan bahkan untuk His Friends Dia dikenal sebagai "orang dari marmer." Dinginnya de anak Nature baik tertangkap dalam julukan Madame de Sevigne, yang gaya dia "The Utara." Di antara Colbert anumerta memoar kertas ditemukan pada urusan Perancis (c.1663), dan fragmen Khusus rahasia kehidupan Roy, qui-telah-telah diterbitkan beberapa kali. The New International Encyclopaedia, Vol. VI (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co, 1920) 566.